Define 'nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)'.
NGOs are nonprofit entities independent of governmental influence, often aimed at addressing social or political issues.
Define 'political liberalization'.
Political liberalization refers to a state's transition from an authoritarian regime to a more democratic one, typically involving increased political freedoms and civil rights.
Define 'referendum'.
A referendum is a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.
Define 'bureaucracy'.
Bureaucracy is a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
Explain 'coercive diplomacy'.
Coercive diplomacy is the attempt to get a state to change its behavior through threats or limited force, short of full-scale use of military power.
Define 'political legitimacy'.
Political legitimacy is the acceptance and recognition of a government's right to rule by its people.
Define 'illiberal democracy'.
Illiberal democracy is a governing system where, although elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties.
Define 'political polarization'.
Political polarization is the process by which public opinion divides and goes to the extremes.
Define 'non-alignment'.
Non-alignment is the policy of not aligning oneself with any major power bloc or military alliance.
Explain 'civil disobedience'.
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power, without resorting to physical violence.
Define 'totalitarianism'.
Totalitarianism is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life.
Define 'single-member district'.
A single-member district is an electoral district that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a legislature.
Define 'political socialization'.
Political socialization is the process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire political values.
Define 'command economy'.
A command economy is an economic system in which the central government makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services.
Define 'constitutional monarchy'.
Constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.
Define 'rentier state'.
A rentier state derives a substantial portion of its revenue from the rent of its natural resources to external clients.
Define 'grassroots movement'.
A grassroots movement is one driven by the politics of a community, often mobilizing at the local level to affect change.
Define 'political party'.
A political party is an organized group of people with at least roughly similar political aims and opinions, that seeks to influence public policy by getting its candidates elected to public office.
Explain 'coup d'état'.
A coup d'état is a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.
Define 'ethnic conflict'.
Ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more contending ethnic groups.
Define 'corporatism'.
Corporatism is the control of a state or organization by large interest groups.
Explain 'civil rights'.
Civil rights are the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
Define 'supranational organization'.
A supranational organization is a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states.
Define 'sovereignty'.
Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies.
Define 'globalization'.
Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.