Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Energy equals one half capacitance times voltage squared (U=1/2CV^2).

Doppler Effect

Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

Carnot Engine Efficiency

Efficiency equals 1 minus cold reservoir temperature over hot reservoir temperature (e=1-Tc/Th).

Entropy

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

Coulomb's Law

Electrostatic force equals k times charge1 times charge2 divided by distance squared (Fe=k(q1q2)/r^2).

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum equals moment of inertia times angular velocity (L=Iω).

Biot-Savart Law

Calculates magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire.

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

In a closed system, the sum of kinetic and potential energy remains constant.

Coulomb’s Law (Electric Fields)

Electric force between charged objects depends on the distance between the objects and the magnitude of the charges.

Conservation of Momentum

In a closed system, total momentum before equals total momentum after an event.

Avogadro's Law

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

Conservation of Angular Momentum

Angular momentum remains constant if no external torques act on the system.

De Broglie Wavelength

A particle's wavelength is inversely proportional to its momentum (λ=h/p).

Compton Scattering

The increase in wavelength (and decrease in energy) of X-rays or gamma rays when scattered.

Continuity Equation for Fluids

Area times velocity remains constant (A1v1=A2v2).

Capacitance Formula

Capacitance equals charge divided by voltage (C=Q/V).

Boyle's Law

For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, pressure inversely proportional to volume (P1V1=P2V2).

Charles's Law

For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, volume directly proportional to temperature (V1/T1=V2/T2).

Ampere’s Law

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric current.

Electric Potential Energy

Electric potential energy equals charge times electric potential (U=qV).

Brewster's Angle

The angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with no reflection.

Black Body Radiation

The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body in thermal equilibrium.

Bernoulli’s Equation

Pressure plus one half density times velocity squared plus density times gravity times height is constant.

Archimedes' Principle

The upward buoyant force on an object immersed in fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Critical Angle

The angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs.