Avogadro's Law
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.
Entropy
A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.
De Broglie Wavelength
A particle's wavelength is inversely proportional to its momentum (λ=h/p).
Archimedes' Principle
The upward buoyant force on an object immersed in fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Energy equals one half capacitance times voltage squared (U=1/2CV^2).
Ampere’s Law
The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric current.
Conservation of Momentum
In a closed system, total momentum before equals total momentum after an event.
Coulomb's Law
Electrostatic force equals k times charge1 times charge2 divided by distance squared (Fe=k(q1q2)/r^2).
Black Body Radiation
The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body in thermal equilibrium.
Critical Angle
The angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs.
Capacitance Formula
Capacitance equals charge divided by voltage (C=Q/V).
Coulomb’s Law (Electric Fields)
Electric force between charged objects depends on the distance between the objects and the magnitude of the charges.
Doppler Effect
Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.
Continuity Equation for Fluids
Area times velocity remains constant (A1v1=A2v2).
Boyle's Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, pressure inversely proportional to volume (P1V1=P2V2).
Bernoulli’s Equation
Pressure plus one half density times velocity squared plus density times gravity times height is constant.
Angular Momentum
Angular momentum equals moment of inertia times angular velocity (L=Iω).
Carnot Engine Efficiency
Efficiency equals 1 minus cold reservoir temperature over hot reservoir temperature (e=1-Tc/Th).
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Angular momentum remains constant if no external torques act on the system.
Electric Potential Energy
Electric potential energy equals charge times electric potential (U=qV).
Brewster's Angle
The angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with no reflection.
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
In a closed system, the sum of kinetic and potential energy remains constant.
Biot-Savart Law
Calculates magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire.
Charles's Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, volume directly proportional to temperature (V1/T1=V2/T2).
Compton Scattering
The increase in wavelength (and decrease in energy) of X-rays or gamma rays when scattered.