Confounding vs Lurking Variable

Confounding: affects both variables; Lurking: affects outcome but not considered in analysis

Alternative Hypothesis

Statement researcher wants to prove

Cluster Sampling

Population divided into clusters; randomly select clusters, then sample all in cluster

Addition Rule for Probability

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

Correlation Coefficient

Measures strength and direction of linear relationship between two variables

Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test

Tests if sample distribution fits a population distribution

Control Group

Group in an experiment that does not receive treatment

Combination

Selection of objects without regard to order

Box Plot

Displays five-number summary (minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum)

Bayes' Theorem

Calculates probability of an event based on prior knowledge of conditions

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

Compares means of three or more groups

Conditional Probability Formula

P(A|B) = P(A and B)/P(B)

Central Limit Theorem

Sampling distribution of the sample mean approximates a normal distribution as sample size increases

Conditional Probability

Probability of an event occurring given another event has already occurred

Bimodal Distribution

Distribution with two different modes

Chi-Square Test for Independence

Tests if two categorical variables are independent

Blinding

Participants unaware of whether they are receiving treatment or placebo

Confidence Interval

Range of values believed to contain population parameter with a certain level of confidence

Cumulative Frequency

Sum of frequencies for that category and all previous categories

Convenience Sampling

Use results that are easy to get

Confounding Variable

Variable related to both the treatment and the outcome

Coefficient of Determination

R-squared; proportion of variance in the dependent variable predictable from the independent variable

Categorical Data Analysis: Chi-square Test

Assesses relationships between categorical variables

Biased vs Unbiased Estimator

Biased: systematically off; Unbiased: accurate on average

Binomial Distribution

Probability distribution of number of successes in a fixed number of trials