Balance of Payments
A record of all transactions made between one particular country and all other countries during a specified period of time.
Economies of Scale
The cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product.
Contractionary Fiscal Policy
Government policy that attempts to reduce the level of economic activity through decreased spending or increased taxes.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care.
Cyclical Unemployment
Unemployment that results when the overall demand for goods and services in an economy cannot support full employment.
Budget Surplus
A situation in which government revenue exceeds expenditures.
Aggregate Supply
The total supply of goods and services that firms in an economy plan on selling during a specific time period.
Endogenous Variables
Variables determined within the model.
Depression
A severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity.
Coincident Economic Indicators
Economic indicators that usually change at the same time as the whole economy.
Business Cycle
A cycle or series of cycles of economic expansion and contraction.
Capital Deepening
An increase in the amount of capital per worker; one source of rising labor productivity.
Complementary Goods
Goods that are often used together.
Absolute Advantage
The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.
Automatic Stabilizers
Economic policies and programs that are designed to offset fluctuations in a nation's economic activity without intervention by the government or policymakers.
Contractionary Monetary Policy
A policy by a central bank to decrease the money supply, usually by raising interest rates.
Aggregate Demand
The total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time.
Diseconomies of Scale
The disadvantages that arise due to the increase in size of an organization, leading to inefficiencies.
Comparative Advantage
The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors.
Diminishing Marginal Utility
A principle stating that as a person increases consumption of a product, there is a decline in the marginal utility that person derives from consuming each additional unit of that product.
Discount Rate
The interest rate set by the central bank for loans to commercial banks.
Budget Deficit
A situation in which government expenditures exceed revenue.
Deadweight Loss
A loss of economic efficiency that can occur when the free market equilibrium for a good or a service is not achieved.
Cross Elasticity of Demand
A measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in the price of another good.
Classical Economics
An economic theory that emphasizes the role of free-market forces, allowing them to operate without government intervention.