Confounding vs Lurking Variable

Confounding: affects both variables; Lurking: affects outcome but not considered in analysis

Cumulative Frequency

Sum of frequencies for that category and all previous categories

Conditional Probability

Probability of an event occurring given another event has already occurred

Coefficient of Determination

R-squared; proportion of variance in the dependent variable predictable from the independent variable

Conditional Probability Formula

P(A|B) = P(A and B)/P(B)

Bayes' Theorem

Calculates probability of an event based on prior knowledge of conditions

Confidence Interval

Range of values believed to contain population parameter with a certain level of confidence

Combination

Selection of objects without regard to order

Cluster Sampling

Population divided into clusters; randomly select clusters, then sample all in cluster

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

Compares means of three or more groups

Confounding Variable

Variable related to both the treatment and the outcome

Chi-Square Test for Independence

Tests if two categorical variables are independent

Binomial Distribution

Probability distribution of number of successes in a fixed number of trials

Categorical Data Analysis: Chi-square Test

Assesses relationships between categorical variables

Addition Rule for Probability

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test

Tests if sample distribution fits a population distribution

Convenience Sampling

Use results that are easy to get

Control Group

Group in an experiment that does not receive treatment

Central Limit Theorem

Sampling distribution of the sample mean approximates a normal distribution as sample size increases

Box Plot

Displays five-number summary (minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum)

Bimodal Distribution

Distribution with two different modes

Correlation Coefficient

Measures strength and direction of linear relationship between two variables

Blinding

Participants unaware of whether they are receiving treatment or placebo

Biased vs Unbiased Estimator

Biased: systematically off; Unbiased: accurate on average

Alternative Hypothesis

Statement researcher wants to prove