Define 'mole fraction'

Ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles in a mixture

Define 'anode'

Electrode where oxidation occurs

Define 'molarity'

Moles of solute per liter of solution

Define 'buffer solution'

Solution that resists changes in pH when acid or base is added

Define 'galvanic cell'

Electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions

Define 'ideal gas law'

pee vee equals NRT -- relates pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of a gas

Define 'ligand'

Ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex

Define 'isotopes'

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Define 'effusion'

Process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening

Define 'orbital'

Region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons

Define 'lewis acid'

Electron pair acceptor

Define 'dipole-dipole interactions'

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Define 'activation energy'

Minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur

Define 'enthalpy'

Heat content of a system at constant pressure

Define 'distillation'

Process of separating components of a mixture based on differences in boiling points

Define 'exothermic process'

Reaction that releases heat to the surroundings

Define 'heat capacity'

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius

Define 'Heisenberg uncertainty principle'

It's impossible to know both the velocity and position of an electron simultaneously

Define 'metallic bond'

Bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons in the metal

Define 'buffer capacity'

Measure of a buffer's ability to resist changes in pH

Define 'amphoteric substance'

Substance that can act as both an acid and a base

Define 'mass spectrometry'

Technique used to determine the mass and composition of molecules

Define 'electronegativity'

Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons

Define 'lewis base'

Electron pair donor

Define 'Charles’s law'

Volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure