Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Energy equals one half capacitance times voltage squared (U=1/2CV^2).

Conservation of Angular Momentum

Angular momentum remains constant if no external torques act on the system.

Brewster's Angle

The angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with no reflection.

De Broglie Wavelength

A particle's wavelength is inversely proportional to its momentum (λ=h/p).

Biot-Savart Law

Calculates magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire.

Entropy

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

Avogadro's Law

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

Black Body Radiation

The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body in thermal equilibrium.

Coulomb’s Law (Electric Fields)

Electric force between charged objects depends on the distance between the objects and the magnitude of the charges.

Charles's Law

For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, volume directly proportional to temperature (V1/T1=V2/T2).

Doppler Effect

Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

Carnot Engine Efficiency

Efficiency equals 1 minus cold reservoir temperature over hot reservoir temperature (e=1-Tc/Th).

Boyle's Law

For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, pressure inversely proportional to volume (P1V1=P2V2).

Archimedes' Principle

The upward buoyant force on an object immersed in fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Coulomb's Law

Electrostatic force equals k times charge1 times charge2 divided by distance squared (Fe=k(q1q2)/r^2).

Bernoulli’s Equation

Pressure plus one half density times velocity squared plus density times gravity times height is constant.

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum equals moment of inertia times angular velocity (L=Iω).

Continuity Equation for Fluids

Area times velocity remains constant (A1v1=A2v2).

Ampere’s Law

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric current.

Compton Scattering

The increase in wavelength (and decrease in energy) of X-rays or gamma rays when scattered.

Capacitance Formula

Capacitance equals charge divided by voltage (C=Q/V).

Conservation of Momentum

In a closed system, total momentum before equals total momentum after an event.

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

In a closed system, the sum of kinetic and potential energy remains constant.

Electric Potential Energy

Electric potential energy equals charge times electric potential (U=qV).

Critical Angle

The angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs.